रक्त संबंध (कोडेड सहित)

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Blood Relations (Coded)

Chapter Outline & Learning Goals

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

1. Decode coded blood-relation statements (A + B, A − B, A × B, A ÷ B) in seconds.
2. Draw a quick family tree to avoid confusion between "son of", "wife of", "brother of".
3. Handle pointing/photograph questions ("Pointing to a man, she said…").
4. Spot and escape the examiner's most common traps.
5. Solve any blood-relation question in 30–45 seconds.

1. The Hook: One Line That Decides Your Selection

In SSC and Banking exams, a single coded blood-relation question — "If A + B means A is the mother of B…" — can separate thousands of candidates by just one mark. The question is not hard. It is *tricky*. Students who solve it with a family tree get it right in 40 seconds. Students who solve it "in their head" mix up one generation and lose the mark.

This chapter gives you that family-tree method. Master it once, and these questions become free marks forever.

2. Why Students Struggle (And Why You Won't)

Blood relation questions feel confusing because of three reasons:

• Too many relations at once — "my father's brother's son's wife" makes the brain spin.
• Gender is hidden — names like "Kiran" or "Suman" don't tell you male or female.
• Coded symbols — +, −, ×, ÷ mean different things in every question.

The fix is simple: never solve in your head. Always draw. A 10-second sketch kills all three problems at once.

🧠 Active Recall: Before reading further — what are the three reasons students find blood relations hard? Say them out loud.

3. The Family Tree Method (Your Main Weapon)

Use these standard symbols:

Golden rule: Move one generation at a time. Never jump.

Example: "Ravi is the son of my father's only daughter."

Step by step:

• My father → his only daughter = my sister (or me, if I am female — watch this trap!)
• Ravi is her son → Ravi is my nephew (sister's son).

Draw it, and the answer is obvious. Skip the drawing, and you'll guess.

🧠 Active Recall: Draw the symbols for male, female, couple, and siblings from memory on a rough page.

4. Coded Blood Relations — The Decoding Table

In coded questions, symbols replace words. The question itself defines the code. Read the code twice before solving.

Typical pattern:

> If 'P + Q' means P is the father of Q;
> 'P − Q' means P is the sister of Q;
> 'P × Q' means P is the mother of Q;
> 'P ÷ Q' means P is the brother of Q.
> Then in 'A × B + C − D', how is A related to D?

Decode left to right, one pair at a time:

• A × B → A is the mother of B
• B + C → B is the father of C
• C − D → C is the sister of D

So: A is mother of B; B is father of C and D; C and D are sisters. A is the mother of B, who is the father of D → A is the grandmother of D.

Key habit: After decoding each pair, note the gender of each person (M/F) above their name. Most wrong answers come from a gender mistake, not a logic mistake.

🧠 Active Recall: In the code above, what does 'P ÷ Q' mean? And in 'A × B + C − D', what is B's gender?

5. Pointing / Photograph Questions

These sound dramatic but are mechanical:

> "Pointing to a photograph, Ramesh said, 'She is the daughter of my grandfather's only son.' How is the woman related to Ramesh?"

Trick — start from the speaker and replace "my" with the speaker's name:

• My grandfather's only son = Ramesh's father
• Father's daughter = Ramesh's sister

Answer: Sister.

Mnemonic 🧠 — "MERE se shuru, END tak jao" (Start from ME, walk to the END): Always begin decoding from the word "my/mere" and walk outward step by step. Never start from the middle of the sentence.

🧠 Active Recall: "He is the son of my mother's only daughter." Who is "he"? (Answer: mother's only daughter = the speaker's sister — or the speaker herself, if the speaker is female. So if the speaker is male, "he" is the speaker's nephew (sister's son); if the speaker is female, "he" is the speaker's son. When the speaker's gender is not given, the answer is "cannot be determined.")

6. Double-Relation & Puzzle-Type Questions

Sometimes two people are related in two ways (e.g., cousin who is also a brother-in-law after marriage). Exam questions may ask for the *closest* or *specific* relation. Rules:

• Read exactly what is asked: "How is X related to Y?" — direction matters (X→Y is not the same as Y→X).
• If gender is not fixed by the data, the answer may be "cannot be determined" — and that is a valid answer option, not a trick to avoid.

7. Summary Table

One-line mantra: *Draw it, mark the gender, move one generation at a time.*

📌 Review this chapter after 2 days — redraw the symbol table and re-solve the coded example without looking at the solution.

⚠️ Caution: Examiner's Trap

1. Multiple possible relations in options. When gender is not given, two options may look correct (e.g., "uncle" vs "aunt"). The examiner counts on you guessing. If the data doesn't fix the gender, choose "cannot be determined" — don't assume.

2. Confusing wording to mislead you. Phrases like "my wife's father's only son-in-law" are deliberately twisted. Translate slowly: wife's father = father-in-law; his only son-in-law could be you yourself. Examiners love answers where the person turns out to be the speaker.

3. Double-relation questions. After a marriage in the family, one person can hold two relations (e.g., brother-in-law who is also a cousin). The question usually wants the relation *through the new marriage* — read the exact wording before answering.